Showing posts with label HANA. Show all posts

1.Compare SAP HANA & Oracle

Criteria	SAP HANA	Oracle
Strengths	Customization, customer service & functionality	Ease of use, quick deployment and flexibility
Compatibility to work with other databases	Very Good	Average
Comparison on costs	More cost for internal resources and training	Much lesser on both fronts

2.What is SAP HANA?

SAP HANA is an in-memory computing engine (IMCE) used for real-time processing of huge volumes of data and building and deploying real-world applications. Adopting the row-based and column-based DB technology, SAP HANA is an advanced relational DB product serviced by SAP SE. With this high-performance analytic (HANA) system, the big data exists on the main memory and not on the hard disk. It replaces the onus of data maintenance separately on the legacy system and simplifies the tasks of administrators in this digital world.Go through this SAP HANA Tutorial to get a clear understanding of how SAP HANA works.

3.What is the development language used by SAP HANA?

C++

4.Name the operating system SAP HANA supports.

More than 70% of customers run their SAP workloads on Linux with the use of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, which is the best OS choice for SAP HANA.

5.Explain Parallel Processing in SAP HANA?

Using the columnar data storage approach, the workload in SAP HANA is divided vertically. The columnar approach allows linear searching and aggregation of data rather than two-dimensional data structure. If more than one column is to be processed, each task is assigned to diverse processor. Operations on one column are then collimated by column divisions processed by different processors.

6.List advantages of using SAP HANA database.

• With the HANA technology, you can create gen-next applications giving effective and efficient results in the digital economy.
• By using singe data-in memory, SAP HANA supports smooth transaction process and fault-tolerant analytics
• Easy and simple operations using an open-source, unified platform in the cloud
• High-level Data Integration to access massive amounts of data
• Advanced tools for in-depth analysis of present, past and the future.Interested in learning SAP HANA? Well, we have the comprehensive Sap Hana Course to give you a head start in your career.

7.List the merits and demerits of using row-based tables.

Merits:
• No data approach can be faster than row-based if you want to analyze, process and retrieve one record at one time.
• Row-based tables are useful when there is specific demand of accessing complete record.
• It is preferred when the table consists of less number of rows.
• This data storage and processing approach is easier and effective without any aggregations and fast searching.Demerits:
• The data retrieval and processing operations involve the complete row, even though all the information is not useful.

8.List advantages of column-based tables.

• Allows smoother parallel processing of data as the data in columns is stored vertically. Thus, to access data from multiple columns, every operation can be allocated to a separate processor core.
• Only specific columns need to be approached for Select query and any column can be used for indexing.
• Efficient operations since most columns hold unique values and thus, high compression rate.

9. What table type is preferred in SAP HANA Administration: column-based or row-based?

Since analytic applications require massive aggregations and agile data processing, column-based tables are preferred in SAP HANA as the data in column is stored consequently, one after the other enabling faster and easier readability and retrieval. Thus, columnar storage is preferred on most OLAP (SQL) queries. On the contrary, row-based tables force users to read and access all the information in a row, even though you require data from few and/or specific columns.

10.What is the main SAP HANA database component?

Index Server consists of actual data engines for data processing including input SQL and MDX statements and performs authentic transactions.

11.Explain the concept of Persistence Layer.

The persistence layer in SAP HANA handles all logging operations and transactions for secured backup and data restoring. This layer manages data stored in both rows and columns and provides steady savepoints. Built on the concept of persistence layer of SAP’s relational database, it ensures successful data restores.
Besides managing log data on the disk, HANA’s persistence layer allows read and write data operations via all storage interfaces.

12.Define Modeling Studio in SAP Hana Administration.

Modeling Studio is an operational tool in SAP HANA based on Eclipse development and administration, which includes live project creation.
• The SAP HANA Studio further builds development objects and deploys them, to access and modify data models like HTML and JavaScript files.
• It also handles various data services to perform data input from SAP warehouse and other related databases.
• Responsible for scheduling data replication tasks.

13.List the different compression techniques in HANA?

• Run-length encoding
• Cluster encoding
• Dictionary encoding

14.Explain SLT

SLT expands to SAP Landscape Transformation referring to trigger –based replication. SLT replication permits data transfer from source to target, where the source can be SAP or non-SAP while the target system has to be SAP HANA with HANA database. Users can accomplish data replication from multiple sources. The three replication techniques supported by HANA are:
• SLT
• SAP Business Objects Data Services (BODS)
• SAP HANA Direct Extractor Connection (DXC)

15. Name the replication jobs in SAP HANA.

• Master Job (IUUC_MONITOR_)
• Data Load Job (DTL_MT_DATA_LOAD__)
• Master Controlling Job (IUCC_REPLIC_CNTR_)
• Migration Object Definition Job (IUCC_DEF_MIG_OBJ_)
• Access Plan Calculation Job (ACC_PLAN_CALC__)

16. What is Latency?

The time duration to perform data replication starting from the source to the target system is known as latency.

17.What are the various components of SAP HANA Administration?

• SAP HANA Studio
• SAP HANA Application Cloud
• SAP HANA Cloud
• Sap HANA DBThe Sap Hana Training Videos and Certification Course can open the doors to a stellar career for you.

18.How to perform backup and recovery operations?

During a regular operation, data is by default stored to the disk at savepoints in SAPHANA. As soon a there is any update and transaction, logs become active and get saved from the disk memory. In case of power failure, the database restarts like any other DB returning to the last savepoint log state. SAP HANA requires backup to protect against disk failure and reset DB to the previous state. The backups simultaneously as the users keep performing their tasks.

19.Define SLT Configuration

Configuration is the meaningful information to establish a connection between source, SLT system and SAP HANA architecture as stated in the SLT system. Programmers are allowed to illustrate a new Configuration in Configuration and Monitoring Dashboard.

20.What is Stall?

The waiting process for data to load from the main memory to the CPU cache is called Stall.

21.Define different types of information views.

There are primarily three types of information views in SAP HANA, which are all non-materialized.
• Attribute view
• Analytic view
• Calculation View

22.What are Configuration and Monitoring dashboard?

They are SLT Replication Application Servers to provide configuration information for data replication. This replication status can also be monitored.

23.What is logging table?

Logging table records all replicated changes in the table, which can be further replicated to the target system.

24.How to define Transformation rules in HANA?

Using advanced replication settings, transformation rules are specified to transfer data from source tables during replication process. For instance, setting rules to covert fields, fill vacant fields and skip records. These rules are structured using advanced replication settings (transaction IUUC_REPL_CONT)

25.Explain the role of transaction manager and session?

SAP HANA transaction manager synchronizes database transactions keeping the record of closed and open transactions. When a transaction is committed or rolled back, the manager informs all the active stores and engines about the action so that they can perform required actions in time.

26.How is SQL statement processed in SAP HANA?

Each SQL statement in SAP HANA is carried out in the form of a transaction. Every time, a new session is allocated to a new transaction.

27. Define Master-Controller job.

A Master-controller job is responsible to build database logging table in the source system. It further creates synonyms and new entries in SLT server admin when the table loads / replicates.

28.How users can avoid un-necessary storage of logging information?

Pause the replication process and terminate the schema-related jobs.

29.Is the table size in source system and Sap HANA system same?

30.When to change the number of Data Transfer Jobs?

The number of data transfer jobs change when the initial loading speed or latency replication time is not up to the mark. At the end of the initial load, the number of initial load jobs may be reduced.

31.What is the default IMCE Studio perspective?

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SAP HANA studio is an Eclipse-based tool. SAP HANA studio is both, the central development environment and the main administration tool for HANA system. Additional features are −

1) It is a client tool, which can be used to access local or remote HANA system.
2) It provides an environment for HANA Administration, HANA Information Modeling and Data Provisioning in HANA database.

SAP HANA Studio can be used on following platforms −

1) Microsoft Windows 32 and 64 bit versions of: Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7
2) SUSE Linux Enterprise Server SLES11: x86 64 bit
3) Mac OS, HANA studio client is not available

Depending on HANA Studio installation, not all features may be available. At the time of Studio installation, specify the features you want to install as per the role. To work on most recent version of HANA studio, Software Life Cycle Manager can be used for client update.

SAP HANA Studio Perspectives / Features

SAP HANA Studio provides perspectives to work on the following HANA features. You can choose Perspective in HANA Studio from the following option −

HANA Studio → Window → Open Perspective → Other

Sap Hana Studio Administration

Toolset for various administration tasks, excluding transportable design-time repository objects. General troubleshooting tools like tracing, the catalog browser and SQL Console are also included.

SAP HANA Studio Database Development

It provides Toolset for content development. It addresses, in particular, the DataMarts and ABAP on SAP HANA scenarios, which do not include SAP HANA native application development (XS).

SAP HANA Studio Application Development

SAP HANA system contains a small Web server, which can be used to host small applications. It provides Toolset for developing SAP HANA native applications like application code written in Java and HTML.

By default, all features are installed.

Interview Questions on SAP HANA Architecture

Top Answers to SAP HANA Interview Questions

Qs. What is SAP HANA?

SAP HANA is an in-memory database.

It is a combination of hardware and software made to process massive real time data using In-Memory computing.
It combines row-based, column-based database technology.
Data now resides in main-memory (RAM) and no longer on a hard disk.
It’s best suited for performing real-time analytics, and developing and deploying real-time applications.

An in-memory database means all the data is stored in the memory (RAM). This is no time wasted in loading the data from hard-disk to RAM or while processing keeping some data in RAM and temporary some data on disk. Everything is in-memory all the time, which gives the CPUs quick access to data for processing.

SAP HANA is equipped with multiengine query processing environment which supports relational as well as graphical and text data within same system. It provides features that support significant processing speed, handle huge data sizes and text mining capabilities.

To know more, check the article SAP HANA Introduction for Beginners

Qs. So is SAP making/selling the software or the hardware?

SAP has partnered with leading hardware vendors (HP, Fujitsu, IBM, Dell etc) to sell SAP certified hardware for HANA.
SAP is selling licenses and related services for the SAP HANA product which includes the SAP HANA database, SAP HANA Studio and other software to load data in the database.
To know more, check the article SAP HANA Hardware

Qs. What is the language SAP HANA is developed in?

The SAP HANA database is developed in C++.

Qs. What is the operating system supported by HANA?

Currently SUSE Linux Enterprise Server x86-64 (SLES) 11 SP1 is the Operating System supported by SAP HANA.

Qs. Can I just increase the memory of my traditional Oracle database to 2TB and get similar performance?

NO.
You might have performance gains due to more memory available for your current Oracle/Microsoft/Teradata database but HANA is not just a database with bigger RAM.
It is a combination of a lot of hardware and software technologies. The way data is stored and processed by the In-Memory Computing Engine (IMCE) is the true differentiator. Having that data available in RAM is just the icing on the cake.

Qs. What are the row-based and column based approach?

Row based tables:

It is the traditional Relational Database approach
It store a table in a sequence of rows

Column based tables:

It store a table in a sequence of columns i.e. the entries of a column is stored in contiguous memory locations.
SAP HANA is particularly optimized for column-order storage.

SAP HANA supports both row-based and column-based approach.

Following figure explains the difference between the two storage mechanism.

To know more, check the article Column Data Storage Vs Row Data Storage in HANA

NEXT>2

Multidimensional Expressions (MDX) is a query language for OLAP databases. Much like SQL, it is a query language for relational databases. It is also a calculation language, with syntax similar to spreadsheet formulas.

NOTE: OLAP tools enable users to analyze multidimensional data interactively from multiple perspectives.OLAP consists of three basic analytical operations:
1) consolidation (roll-up)
2) drill-down
3) slicing and dicing

1) Consolidation involves the aggregation of data that can be accumulated and computed in one or more dimensions.
For example, all sales offices are rolled up to the sales department or sales division to anticipate sales trends.

2) Drill-down is a technique that allows users to navigate through the details.
For example, users can view the sales by individual products that make up a region's sales.

3) Slicing and dicing is a feature whereby users can take out (slicing) a specific set of data of the OLAP cube and view (dicing) the slices from different viewpoints. These viewpoints are sometimes called dimensions.



MDX Video Tutorial

SAP HANA was initially, developed in Java and C++ and designed to run only Operating System Suse Linux Enterprise Server 11. SAP HANA system consists of multiple components that are responsible to emphasize computing power of HANA system.

Most important component of SAP HANA system is Index Server, which contains SQL/MDX processor to handle query statements for database. WHAT IS MDX

HANA system contains Name Server, Preprocessor Server, Statistics Server and XS engine, which is used to communicate and host small web applications and various other components.

Index Server

Index Server is heart of SAP HANA database system. It contains actual data and engines for processing that data. When SQL or MDX is fired for SAP HANA system, an Index Server takes care of all these requests and processes them. All HANA processing takes place in Index Server.

Index Server contains Data engines to handle all SQL/MDX statements that come to HANA database system. It also has Persistence Layer that is responsible for durability of HANA system and ensures HANA system is restored to most recent state when there is restart of system failure.

Index Server also has Session and Transaction Manager, which manage transactions and keep track of all running and closed transactions.

Index Server − Architecture

SQL/MDX Processor

It is responsible for processing SQL/MDX transactions with data engines responsible to run queries. It segments all query requests and direct them to correct engine for the performance Optimization.

It also ensures that all SQL/MDX requests are authorized and also provide error handling for efficient processing of these statements. It contains several engines and processors for query execution −

MDX (Multi Dimension Expression) is query language for OLAP systems like SQL is used for Relational database. MDX Engine is responsible to handle queries and manipulates multidimensional data stored in OLAP cubes.
Planning Engine is responsible to run planning operations within SAP HANA database.
Calculation Engine converts data into Calculation models to create logical execution plan to support parallel processing of statements.
Stored Procedure processor executes procedure calls for optimized processing; it converts OLAP cubes to HANA optimized cubes.

Transaction and Session Management

It is responsible to coordinate all database transactions and keep track of all running and closed transactions.

When a transaction is executed or failed, Transaction manager notifies relevant data engine to take necessary actions.

Session management component is responsible to initialize and manage sessions and connections for SAP HANA system using predefined session parameters.

Persistence Layer

It is responsible for durability and atomicity of transactions in HANA system. Persistence layer provides built in disaster recovery system for HANA database.

It ensures database is restored to most recent state and ensures that all the transactions are completed or undone in case of a system failure or restart.

It is also responsible to manage data and transaction logs and also contain data backup, log backup and configuration back of HANA system. Backups are stored as save points in the Data Volumes via a Save Point coordinator, which is normally set to take back every 5-10 minutes.

Preprocessor Server

Preprocessor Server in SAP HANA system is used for text data analysis.

Index Server uses preprocessor server for analyzing text data and extracting the information from text data when text search capabilities are used.

Name Server

NAME server contains System Landscape information of HANA system. In distributed environment, there are multiple nodes with each node has multiple CPU’s, Name server holds topology of HANA system and has information about all the running components and information is spread on all the components.

Topology of SAP HANA system is recorded here.
It decreases the time in re-indexing as it holds which data is on which server in distributed environment.

Statistical Server

This server checks and analyzes the health of all components in HANA system. Statistical Server is responsible for collecting the data related to system resources, their allocation and consumption of the resources and overall performance of HANA system.

It also provides historical data related to system performance for analyses purpose, to check and fix performance related issues in HANA system.

XS Engine

XS engine helps external Java and HTML based applications to access HANA system with help of XS client. As SAP HANA system contains a web server which can be used to host small JAVA/HTML based applications.

XS Engine transforms the persistence model stored in database into consumption model for clients exposed via HTTP/HTTPS.

SAP Host Agent

SAP Host agent should be installed on all the machines that are part of SAP HANA system Landscape. SAP Host agent is used by Software Update Manager SUM for installing automatic updates to all components of HANA system in distributed environment.

LM Structure

LM structure of SAP HANA system contains information about current installation details. This information is used by Software Update Manager to install automatic updates on HANA system components.

SAP Solution Manager (SAP SOLMAN) diagnostic Agent

This diagnostic agent provides all data to SAP Solution Manager to monitor SAP HANA system. This agent provides all the information about HANA database, which include database current state and general information.

It provides configuration details of HANA system when SAP SOLMAN is integrated with SAP HANA system.

SAP HANA Studio Repository

SAP HANA studio repository helps HANA developers to update current version of HANA studio to latest versions. Studio Repository holds the code which does this update.

Software Update Manager for SAP HANA

SAP Market Place is used to install updates for SAP systems. Software Update Manager for HANA system helps is update of HANA system from SAP Market place.

It is used for software downloads, customer messages, SAP Notes and requesting license keys for HANA system. It is also used to distribute HANA studio to end user’s systems.

SAP HANA INTRODUCTION

SAP HANA STUDIO

SAP HANA ARCHITECTURE

SAP HANA JOIN TYPES